Chemistry plays a significant role in the emerging interdisciplinary fields
of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The nanoscale refers to materials with
dimensions on the scale of nanometers (a thousandth of a thousandth of
a thousandth of a meter). Control of the material world at the scale of
atoms and molecules can produce materials with fundamentally different
properties and behavior and has been touted as the next technological revolution.
Some questions we will consider include: What nanotechnology already exists?
What makes nanomaterials special? How can they be prepared? What tools
can be used to study such materials? Three class periods and one laboratory
period per week. (U) Offered in even years.
Prerequisite: Previous chemistry or physics background. No specific course is required but you should have experience doing and recording laboratory work.
Spring 2020 | Nanochemistry | Lisensky |
Jan 20 | Class: Nanochemistry Basics |
Jan 22 | Discussion of Reading: Concepts of Nanochemistry, Introduction (pages 1-10). Discussion of Reading: Nanotech Promise (2007) by Peterson and Heller from Nanoethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Nanotechnology. Discussion of Reading: The invisible giant: a future enabled by nanotechnology (2013), Section 1.2 in European Commission Nanotechnology Report. Discussion of Video: Water filter (2015) from Liquidity Nanotech (youtube) Discussion of Video: Filtering Drinking Water with Nanofibers (2016) from MIT Technology Review or youtube. Skim: "Electrochromic energy storage devices," Materials Today, September 2016, 394-402. Skim: "Rocking Chair Desalination Battery Based on Prussian Blue Electrodes," ACS Omega, 2017, 4, 1653-1659. Lab: Electrochromic Prussian Blue Thin Films. See required lab notebook format and using our multimeters. Come to lab with table of contents started and written purpose and method sections.
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Jan 24 | Literature reports 1A Choose a recent nano article that you understand from Nanoletters or ACS NANO or Nanoscale Advances. Focus primarily on a figure or two in the paper and be familiar with the experimental section. Be sure to check for supplementary information (movies and the experimental section may be located there). By end of Wednesday email to claim a paper by including a link to the abstract. Papers that have been selected will be posted here. On Friday, present the figure(s) in a short oral report and answer questions about the experimental details. Test questions in this course will be drawn from these student selected papers, so for the rest of the class your presentation is a practice test. 1. Liam: Functional Gold Nanoparticles as Potent Antimicrobial Agents against Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria 2. Zach: Three-Dimensional Perovskite Nanophotonic Wire Array-Based Light-Emitting Diodes with Significantly Improved Efficiency and Stability 3. Jordyn: Surface Energy Change of Atomic-Scale Metal Oxide Thin Films by Phase Transformation |
Jan 27 | Class: Consumer Products Lab notebook due for Electrochromic Prussian Blue. See required lab notebook format. |
Jan 29 | Discussion of Reading: Concepts of Nanochemistry, Concepts (Chapter 1). Discussion of Reading: "Superhydrophobic and superoleophobic properties in nature," Materials Today, June 2015, 273-285. Discussion of Video: Lotus Effect (2011) or Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Discussion of Video: Nasturtium Leaves (2013). Discussion of Videos: Superhydrophobic Materials (2019). Discussion of Video: Non-Stick Nanocoating for Efficient Shipping (2011) or EU Research Media Center or youtube. Discussion of Video: Anti-icing Superhydrophobic coating (2009) or youtube. Discussion of Video: LiquiGlide Nonstick Coatings (2019) or Kripa Varanasi, MIT or youtube. Skim: "Icephobicity studies of superhydrophobic coatings on concrete via spray method," Materials Letters, 2018, 233, 263–266. Discussion of Video: Nanotechnology in Food (2018) or European Food Safety Authority or youtube.
Lab: Octadecanethiol Monolayer on Silver
(main experiment, start this first) and Microcontact Printing of Thiols (an extension of the main experiment but begin the PDMS preparation while the ethanol is evaporating in the main experiment) and
Electroless Deposition with Alkanethiol Treatment. Arrive with purpose and method for each experiment written in your notebook on a different page. Each of the three experiments will have their own actions and observations and data and image sections. Be sure to plan how these thiol experiments fit together. During lab rename your water drop image files to something easier to remember as you record them. Your drop images for inclusion in your notebook will be placed here. Get protractor here. Indicate on the image where you measured the angle.
Movie: Background information (self assembly) |
Jan 31 | Literature reports 1B 1. Jordan: Wiedemann-Franz Law for Molecular Hopping Transport 2. Jasmine: Nanocrystals of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, and I): Novel Optoelectronic Materials Showing Bright Emission with Wide Color Gamut 3. Naomi: Quantitative Study of the Interaction of Multivalent Ligand-Modified Nanoparticles with Breast Cancer Cells with Tunable Receptor Density 4. TianRui: Perfluorinated Self-Assembled Monolayers Enhance the Stability and Efficiency of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells |
Feb 3 | Class: Metal Nanoparticles Lab notebook due for Octadecanethiol Monolayer on Silver and Microcontact Printing and Electroless Deposition with Alkanethiol Treatment. See above. |
Feb 5 | Discussion of Reading: Concepts of Nanochemistry, Gold (Chapter 3). Skim: Crystal structures of gold nanoparticles (jmol). Discussion of Video: Naomi Halas, Interview and Video, PBS Nova (2005) or youtube Discussion of Video: Gold Nanoshells, Synthesis and Demonstration (2009) or youtube. Discussion of Video: Synthesis of Hollow Gold Nanospheres (2010) or youtube. Skim: Science Translational Medicine, 27 October 2010 or NIH. Skim: Rice team achieves a cancer milestone, Houston Chronicle, November 2012. Skim: Solar Vapor Generation Enabled by Nanoparticles, ACS Nano, 7(1), 42-49 (2013). Skim: Using Gold Nanoparticles to Kill Cancer, Physics Central, APS, April 2016 and movie. Skim: Exploding nanobubbles can kill cancer cells, Science, AAAS, February 2016. Discussion of Video: Researchers Look To Gold To Help Combat Prostate Cancer, Mount Sinai Health System (2018) or youtube Discussion of Reading: Liposuction Goes Nano, C&E News, June 16, 2014, 32-33. Skim: Gold Nanoparticle-assisted Selective Photothermolysis of Adipose Tissue, Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Global Open, December 2014, 2(12) e283. Discussion of Video: Researchers Look To Gold To Help Combat Prostate Cancer, Mount Sinai Health System (2018) or youtube
Lab: Three Syntheses of Gold Nanoparticles and Sodium Borohydride Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
and Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles. Arrive with purpose and method for the five experiments each written on a different page. Since you will be doing five syntheses you can only spend 30 minutes on each during lab. Be sure to plan how these metal nanoparticle experiments fit together. Each of the five syntheses will have their own actions and observations and data and graphs sections. Write a combined conclusion section for the five experiments in which you answer the questions as you summarize and make comparisons. Your notebook should indicate on the spectra where you measured. |
Feb 7 | Literature reports 2A 1. Liam: Polymer-Assisted Nanoimprinting for Environment- and Phase-Stable Perovskite Nanopatterns 2. Zach: A Fireproof, Lightweight, Polymer–Polymer Solid-State Electrolyte for Safe Lithium Batteries 3. Jordyn: Embedding Ultrafine Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Monolayered Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets Enables Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution (NOT PRESENTED) 4. Desmond: Critical Stable Length in Wrinkles of Two-Dimensional Materials |
Feb 10 | Class: Nanowires Lab notebook due for Gold and Silver Nanoparticles, five syntheses with one conclusion. See above. |
Feb 12 | Discussion of Reading: “Nanoparticles Probe Biosystems,” Materials Today, Feb 2004, 36-43. Discussion of Reading: “Directed assembly of nanowires,” Materials Today, May 2009, 34-43. Discussion of Reading: “Programming Assembly," Inorg. Chem. 39, 2258 (2000). Discussion of Reading: “Nanowires made from silver are super stretchy," Nature Materials, 16, p. 439–445 (2017). Discussion of Video: Chad Mirkin (2009) or youtube. Discussion of Video: Chad Mirkin: Gold Nanoparticles & The Future of Medical Diagnostics (2012) or youtube Discussion of Video: Gold Nanoparticles or NOVA "Making Stuff: Smaller" (2011) or youtube. Discussion of Video: Non-chemotoxic Induction of Cancer Cell Death Using Magnetic Nanowires (2015) or vimeo Discussion of Video: Gold particles have a new use – finding defects in 3D printing (2018) or youtube Lab: Synthesis of Nickel Nanowires. See using our multimeters. Arrive with purpose and method written in your notebook. You should get as far as obtaining the XRD in the filter or at least leaving the labeled sample to be run and watch an XRD sample run so you will know how to use the instrument on your own next week. Your notebook should indicate where you measured.
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Feb 14 | Literature reports 2B 1. Jordan: Scalable Fabrication of Quasi-One-Dimensional Gold Nanoribbons for Plasmonic Sensing 2. Jasmine: The Strongest Size in Gradient Nanograined Metals 3. Naomi: Stabilizing Metallic Iron Nanoparticles by Conformal Graphitic Carbon Coating for High-Rate Anode in Ni–Fe Batteries 4. TianRui: Quantum Dot-Plasmon Lasing with Controlled Polarization Patterns |
Feb 17 | Class: Photonics No lab notebook due |
Feb 19 | Discussion of Reading: Concepts of Nanochemistry, Silica (Chapter 2). Skim: “Nanostructure Polymers for Photonics,” Materials Today, April 2008, pages 48-56. Discussion of Reading: “P-Ink and Elast-Ink,” Materials Today, July 2008, pages 44-51. Discussion of Reading: “Smelling chemicals with a photonic nose,” SPIE (2011). Discussion of Reading: “Keeping Good Company with the Chameleon,” Materials Views (2015). Skim: “Electronic Qubit Integrated Into Solid-State Switch,” or IEEE Spectrum, 12 Feb 2016. Skim: “Plasmonics Make Electrochromic Polymers Fast Enough for Video,” or IEEE Spectrum, 28 April 2016. Skim: “Brighter Displays Come From the Wings of a Butterfly,” or IEEE Spectrum, 3 June 2016. Discussion of Reading: “Nanophotonic Crystals Separate Real Luxury Watches From the Fakes,” or IEEE Spectrum, 28 June 2016. Skim: “Flexible and Colorful Electronic Paper Promises a New Look for E-books,” or IEEE Spectrum, 18 October 2016. Discussion of Video: NatureTech: The Material World, (2006) BBC Part 4 or youtube. Discussion of Video: Operating Opalux P-Ink Device with a Battery (2010) or youtube. Discussion of Video: Biomimicry, (2015) General Electric or youtube. Discussion of Reading: "How to get that old-fashioned light bulb glow without wasting so much energy," Science, 2016. Discussion of Video: A Bright Future with Photonics, Cather Simpson (2018) or youtube. Discussion of Video: Silicon Photonics, Intel Business (2018) or youtube. Discussion of Reading: “World's Thinnest Optical Waveguide Is Only Three Atoms Thick,” or IEEE Spectrum, 14 August 2019.
Lab: Continue Nickel Nanowires (5 minutes) on the same page as your earlier work for this experiment but include a new date. Cover the disc in 6 M NaOH in a plastic beaker.
Lab: Begin PMMA Nanospheres - Stoke's Law Determination of Particle Size (10 minutes). Arrive with purpose and method for the Stoke's Law experiment written in your notebook on a new page. Include the initial photograph in your lab notebook with date and time and showing the full tape height as scale.
Your notebook should indicate where you measured.Lab: Begin PMMA Nanospheres - Synthesis (2 hours). Arrive with purpose and method just for the synthesis written in your notebook on a new page. What are the important variables? Be sure to get to the after the synthesis part today. You will work in one of four groups. Lab: Finish Nickel Nanowires during the 40 minute PMMA reaction. Prepare XRD sample and obtain the free nanowire XRD. Do visible microscopy and prepare labeled SEM sample. SEM images for your lab notebook will be stored here. Measure lengths in SEM images using ImageJ. Your notebook should indicate where you measured. |
Feb 21 | Literature reports 3A 1. Liam: An Electrically Controlled Wavelength-Tunable Nanoribbon Laser 2. Zach: High-Performance Pt-Co Nanoframes for Fuel-Cell Electrocatalysis 3. Jordyn: A Genome-Editing Nanomachine Constructed with a Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats System and Activated by Near-Infrared Illumination |
Feb 24 | Class: Semiconductors, Metal Oxides, and Piezoelectricity Lab notebook due for Nickel Nanowires. See above. |
Feb 26 |
Discussion of Reading: “Smart, Clean Surfaces,” Materials Today, Nov 2003, pages 43-48. Discussion of Reading: "Titanium dioxide: environmental white knight?" Environmental Health Perspectives, Apr 2001, page A174-8. Discussion of Reading/Audio: Self-Cleaning Glass (2009) from The Naked Scientists. Discussion of Video: Self-Cleaning Buildings (2012) or EU Research Media Center or youtube. Discussion of Video: Smog-Eating Buildings (2013) or CNN or youtube. Discussion of Video: Use the Power of Light to Clean Your Air (2014), or PURETi or youtube Discussion of Video: Reduce Building Maintenance (2015) or CeramiClean or youtube Skim: “ZnO – nanostructures, defects, and devices,” Materials Today, May 2007, pages 40-48 but skip the defect section. Discussion of Reading: “Progress in nanogenerators for portable electronics,” Materials Today, Dec 2012, pages 532-543. Discussion of Reading: “Breathable and Flexible Piezoelectric ZnO@PVDF Fibrous Nanogenerator for Wearable Applications,” Polymers, July 2018. Discussion of Reading: “Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Food and Personal Care Products,” ES&T, 2012, 46(4), 2242–2250. Discussion of Reading: “Activists take aim at nanomaterials in Dunkin Donuts” (2014). Discussion of Reading: “Dunkin Donuts to remove titanium dioxide from donuts” (2015). Skim: "Metal oxide nanowire chemical sensors: innovation and quality of life," Materials Today, December 2016, 559-567.
Lab: Start Hydrothermal Growth of ZnO Nanorods - Synthesis (10 minutes). Arrive with purpose and method for the synthesis written in your notebook on a new page. You will need more than one person in your group and groups should set up the synthesis with two glass squares. Leave the prepared tubes next to the oven for inspection.
Lab: Begin PMMA Nanospheres - Self-Assembly and Photonic Band Gap Determination (10 minutes). Arrive with purpose and method written in your notebook on a new page. You did the dilution step last week. This week set up the constant temperature evaporation. It is likely that you will need to try this experiment more than once. Lab: Begin PMMA Nanospheres - Synthesis of Inverse Opal Photonic Crystals (10 minutes). Arrive with purpose and method written in your notebook on a new page. The samples you saved in microcentrifuge tubes last week will already be centrifuged for several hours. This week carefully remove most of the remaining liquid and leave the sample open to dry. Lab: Continue PMMA Nanospheres - Stokes Law measurements (5 minutes). Photograph needed every 3 or 4 days that includes the full tape height as scale. Measure distances using ImageJ. Your notebook should indicate where you measured. Do you need to start a new tube? |
Feb 28 | Literature reports 1. Jordan: Characterization, Selection, and Microassembly of Nanowire Laser Systems 2. Jasmine: Fabry–Perot Cavity-Type Electrochromic Supercapacitors with Exceptionally Versatile Color Tunability 3. TianRui: Second Time-Scale Synthesis of High-Quality Graphite Films by Quenching for Effective Electromagnetic Interference Shielding |
Mar 2 | Class: Field Effect Transistors No lab notebook due |
Mar 4 | TEST
Lab: Finish ZnO Nanorods measurements (two hours). Continue on the same page as your earlier work for this experiment but include a new date. In each group, one of you will do XRD, UV, and methylene blue measurements on one slide, and the other will do SEM and PEC (bulk electrolysis and cyclic voltammetry) measurements on the other slide. For actions and observations you only need the measurements you did, but data, graphs and conclusions will require you to exchange data and include the results from all six measurements on your duplicate slides. Your notebook should indicate where you measured. SEM images for your lab notebook will be stored here.
Lab: Continue PMMA Nanospheres - Stokes Law measurements. Data needed every 3 or 4 days. Measure distances using ImageJ. Your notebook should indicate where you measured. Show instructor your data table to see if you need to start a new tube. |
Texts
Ludovico Cademartiri and Geoffrey Ozin, Concepts of Nanochemistry, Wiley-VCH (2009), ISBN 978-3-527-32597-9
Nano History, International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University
Choose a recent (published since the course started) nano article that you understand from Nanoletters or ACS NANO or ACS Applied Nano Materials or Nanoscale Advances (or from another journal with prior approval.) Focus primarily on a figure or two in the paper and be familiar with the experimental section. Be sure to check for supplementary information (movies and the experimental section may be located there). By end of Wednesday email to claim a paper by including a link to the paper. Papers that have been selected will be posted in this syllabus. In class, present the figure(s) in a short oral report and answer questions about the experimental details. Test questions in this course will be drawn from these student selected papers, so for the rest of the class your presentation is a practice test.
Primary journals for this course | Other available sources | Places to find references to articles |
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American Chemical Society Nanoletters ACS NANO ACS Applied Nano Materials RSC and NCNST Nanoscale Advances |
Nano Research (Springer) Journal of Nanoparticle Research (Springer) Nanoscale Research Letters (Springer) Some articles in Nature Nanotechnology Nanoscale (Royal Society of Chemistry) Applied Materials and Interfaces (ACS) Materials Today (Elsevier) |
Be sure to use the original reference in these news reports but the summaries might be useful and they are a good way to find interesting articles Materials News (Materials Research Society) Nanotechnology news stories (PhysOrg) Latest nanotechnology articles (AZoNano) |
Basis of evaluation
• Class participation in discussion of text readings. Come with questions about anything you do not understand.
• Selection of literature article, identification of main figure, familiarity with the experimental section and a short presentation on the article to the class (every 2 weeks). Your article grade will also be based on whether you understand the selected material and its connection with this course so select something you understand. If you choose wisely, your selection may be on the next test (see below).
• Laboratory experiments require you to plan ahead and record your work as you do it. In this course experiments also function as weekly problem sets since they involve measurement, calculation, and discussion. What you record in your bound laboratory notebook will constitute about half the points for this course so follow the required notebook format. Notebooks will be due most weeks. Adequately preparing and planning for lab and answering the questions will require several hours outside of class for each experiment.
• Two tests.
Interpret the figures and text from literature reports by expanding on what is being illustrated, explaining procedures or techniques, and indicating why it might be important or why the authors included the figure or making connections to our class readings and laboratory work. Tell more than rewriting the caption. Try to use your interpretation to demonstrate additional knowledge beyond what is shown. You should write on each page for about ten minutes.
Being able to list the experiments you have done and knowing the techniques and chemicals used in those experiments will be helpful in making connections. Looking at previous first tests and previous second tests provides examples but different papers will have been presented and different content may have been covered and different labs may have been done.
Accommodations
If you have a disability and need accommodations, contact Learning Enrichment and Disability Services (LEADS) located on second floor Pearsons (north side), 608-363-2572, learning@beloit.edu or make an appointment through joydeleon.youcanbook.me to get an Access Letter. We can then discuss how your learning needs may be appropriately met. You can also apply for free peer tutoring through the Portal (student life tab, then tutoring forms on the left).